Vertebroplastia percutánea en fracturas vertebrales osteoporóticas / Percutaneous vertebroplasty for osteoporotic vertebral fractures

La osteoporosis es una enfermedad sistémica que deteriora la calidad del hueso y su arquitectura. Como consecuencia, predispone a fracturas por fragilidad, entre las cuales las fracturas vertebrales son frecuentes. Estas se asocian a una gran morbimortalidad. La vertebroplastia ha surgido en 1984 como alter-nativa terapéutica para tratar algunos tumores vertebrales y fracturas vertebrales osteoporóticas dolorosas. Este procedimiento consiste en la inyección de cemento guiado por imágenes, para estabilizar la vértebra fracturada y disminuir el dolor. La vertebroplastia puede ser realizada con anestesia local, sedación o anestesia general. La fuga de cemento fuera de la vértebra es una complicación común; sin embargo esto no suele tener traducción clínica y solamente se trata de un hallazgo imagenológico. En este artículo revisaremos las indicaciones, contraindicaciones, la eficacia, controversias y las complicaciones de la vertebroplastia percutánea. (AU)

Osteoporosis is a systemic disease characterized by bone quality deterioration. As a consequence of this deterioration, osteoporosis results in high fracture risk due to bone fragility. Fractures to the spine are common in this scenario, and relate to an increased morbi-mortality. Vertebroplasty emerged in 1984 as an alternative to treat painful vertebral tumors and osteoporotic vertebral fractures. This procedure relies on image guided cement injection to achieve pain relief and strengthen the vertebral body. Vertebroplasty can be performed under local anesthesia, mild sedation, or general anesthesia. Among its complications, cement leakage is common but it is rarely associated with any symptoms and it is usually an imaging finding. In this article, we will review indications and contraindications, effectiveness, controversies and complications related to percutaneous vertebroplasty. (AU)

Fractura vertebral osteoporótica en el adulto mayor / Osteoporotic vertebral fracture in the elderly

La fractura osteoporótica es una entidad clínica que afecta seriamente la calidad y expectativa de vida del paciente, agregándose un impacto socioeconómico elevado, superando incluso a los gastos de patologías como el infarto agudo de miocardio, accidente cerebrovascular y cáncer de mama, y cuya incidencia y prevalencia va en aumento a medida que la población mundial envejece. La gran mayoría de los casos cursan inadvertidos y sub diagnosticados, dejando a tres de cuatro pacientes, sin tratamiento y expuestos a nuevos eventos. El foco mundial en los países desarrollados como estrategia de enfrentamiento de esta patología endémica ha sido el de la prevención, vale decir medicina primaria. Sin embargo, una vez diagnosticada la fractura osteoporótica, no existe consenso en el tipo de tratamiento óptimo, así como sus plazos en estos pacientes. La mayoría de las guías internacionales y los trabajos publicados, presentan diferencias en el manejo de esta lesión.

The osteoporotic fracture is a clinical entity that seriously affects the quality and life expectancy of the patient, adding a high socioeconomic impact, even exceeding the expenses of pathologies such as acute myocardial stroke, vascular cerebral stroke and breast cancer, and whose incidence and prevalence is increasing as the world population ages. The vast majority of cases are non-diagnosed, leaving three of four patients with non treatment at all. The target in developed countries as a strategy to confront this endemic pathology has been prevention, or, primary medicine. However, once the osteoporotic fracture is diagnosed, there is no consensus on the type of optimal treatment, as well as its deadlines in these patients. The majority of international guidelines and published articles show differences in the management and treatment of this fracture.

Analgesic effect of combined therapy of medication and acupuncture in PVP for osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture: a randomized controlled trial / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the analgesic effect and application advantage of acupuncture combined with local anesthesia of lidocaine in percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) for the patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture (OVCF).@*METHODS@#A total of 60 patients with OVCF and receiving PVP at single vertebra under local anesthesia were selected and randomized into an acupuncture plus medication group and a simple medication group, 30 cases in each one. In the simple medication group, the local laying infiltration anesthesia with 1% lidocaine 30 mL was used. In the acupuncture plus medication group, firstly, filiform needles were used to stimulate Hegu (LI 4), Neiguan (PC 6), Jinmen (BL 63) and Yintang (GV 29) with reducing technique, and then the epidermal infiltration anesthesia was followed with 1% lidocaine 4 mL. The needles were retained till the end of operation. Successively, before operation (T@*RESULTS@#In the acupuncture plus medication group, MAP and HR were lower than those in the simple medication group at T@*CONCLUSION@#Acupuncture combined with medication reduces the dose and adverse reactions of anesthetics, alleviates pain degree of patients, shortens the duration of operation and improves patients' subjective satisfaction in PVP for OVCF.

Vertebroplastia percutánea / Percutaneous vertebroplasty

La vertebroplastia percutánea es una técnica aplicable a pacientes con fractura vertebral con síndrome doloroso importante y que no mejora con un manejo ortopédico y clínico integral. Se incluye una apretada historia del procedimiento, y se revisan sus indicaciones y contraindicaciones, así como las publicaciones que analizan sus ventajas y riesgos (AU)

Percutaneous vertebroplasty is a technique for the treatment of patients with vertebral fracture who have persistent pain even after orthopedic and clinical therapeutic measures. A brief historical note of the procedure is presented, and its indications and contraindications are outlined, along with a literature overview of its advantages and risks (AU)

Desenvolvimento de caminhar espinal em cães paraplégicos com fraturas e luxações vertebrais toracolombares / Development of spinal walking in paraplegic dogs with thoracolumbar spinal fractures/luxations

Fraturas e luxações vertebrais (FLV) toracolombares estão dentre as afecções neurológicas mais frequentes na neurologia veterinária. São um dos distúrbios mais graves e desafiadores, devido ao elevado risco de paralisia permanente, levando muitos animais a serem submetidos à eutanásia, devido ao prognóstico desfavorável nos animais que perderam a nocicepção. Objetivou-se descrever as bases neurofisiológicas responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento do caminhar espinal e analisar, em 37 cães acometidos por FLV toracolombares, os dados referentes à taxa de recuperação dos animais com e sem nocicepção. Naqueles sem nocicepção, analisou-se ainda a frequência dos animais que desenvolveram caminhar espinal e o período médio para seu aparecimento. Em relação ao grau da lesão a as taxas de recuperação, 14/37 animais (37,8%) possuíam nocicepção, no qual a taxa de recuperação da deambulação voluntaria e das funções viscerais foi de 100%. Enquanto que 23/37 animais (62,1%) perderam a nocicepção, no qual nenhum recuperou a deambulação voluntária, ocorrendo morte por causas diversas em sete destes. Dos 16 animais sem nocicepção sobreviventes e que foram submetidos ao tratamento conservativo ou cirúrgico, cinco (31,25%) readquiriram a capacidade de caminhar (tempo médio de 115 dias) sem recuperar a nocicepção, sendo esta deambulação involuntária atribuída ao caminhar espinal. De acordo com os resultados desta pesquisa, o parâmetro isolado da perda da nocicepção não deve desencorajar a realização da terapia, pois em cães paraplégicos com FLV toracolombares, há possibilidade de ocorrer desenvolvimento de deambulação involuntária.(AU)

Thoracolumbar vertebral fractures and luxations (VFL) are one of the most common neurological disorders in veterinary neurology and one of the most serious and challenging disorders due to the high risk of permanent paralysis, leading many dogs to be euthanized without treatment due to the reports of unfavorable prognosis about ambulation in animals that lost nociception. This study aimed to describe the neurophysiologic bases responsible for the development of the spinal walking and examine in 37 dogs affected with thoracolumbar VFL, data relating to the recovery rate of animals with and without nociceptionIn those without nociception was analyzed the frequency of the spinal walking animals that developed for its appearance, and the average period was established. Regarding the degree of injury to recovery rates, 14/37 dogs (37.8%) had nociception, in which the rate of recovery of voluntary ambulation was 100%. While 23/37 dogs (62.1%) lost the nociception, where no voluntary ambulation was regained ambulation, occurred death from various causes in seven of these. From 16 dogs without nociception and survivors who underwent conservative or surgical treatment, five (31.25%) regained the ability to walk without regaining nociception; this was attributed to spinal walking, where the average time for their development was 115 days. According to the results of this study, the single parameter of loss of the nociception should not discourage the therapy, as paraplegic dogs with thoracolumbar VFL can develop involuntary ambulation.(AU)

Iranspeaicai interDody Done grafting in the treatment of senile osteoporotic vertebral fracture

Objective: To evaluate the clinical effect of transpedical interbody bone grafting in the treatment of i senile osteoporotic vertebral fracture

Methods: Eighty-six elders with osteoporotic vertebral fracture were selected and divided into a control group and a test group using random double-blind method. Patients in the control group were treated by short-segment transpedicular screw system internal fixation, while patients in the test group were treated by short-segment transpedicular screw system internal fixation in combination with transpedical interbody bone grafting. Operation related indexes and fracture recovery condition were compared between the two groups

Results: The overall effective rate of the test group was 93.02%, much higher than the control group [76.74%] [P<0.05]. The difference of operation duration, intraoperative bleeding volume, length of hospital | stay, fracture healing time, preoperative vertebral height loss and preoperative Cobb's angle between! the two groups had no statistical significance [P>0.05]. The postoperative pain score of the test group | was lower than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant [P<0.05]. The; vertebral height loss and Cobb's angle of the test group were superior to those of the control group at the last follow up, and the difference had statistical significance [P<0.05]. The incidence of internal fixator loosening of the test group was much lower than that of the control group [P<0.05]

Conclusion: Short-segment transpedicular screw system internal fixation in combination with transpedical interbody bone grafting shows favorable effects in the treatment senile osteoporotic vertebral fracture, resulting in mild pain and less loss of vertebral height and angle; hence it is worth promotion in clinic

Retrospective analysis of a case series of patients with traumatic injuries to the craniocervical junction / Análise retrospectiva de série de casos com lesões traumáticas da junção craniocervical

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the correlation between the treatment, the characteristics of the lesions and the clinical outcome of patients with traumatic injuries to the craniocervical junction. Methods This was a retrospective study of patients treated conservatively or surgically between 2010 and 2013 with complete data sets. Results We analyzed 37 patients, 73% were men with mean age of 41.7 years. Of these, 32% were submitted to initial surgical treatment and 68% received conservative treatment. Seven (29%) underwent surgery subsequently. In the surgical group, there were seven cases of odontoid type II fractures, two cases of fracture of posterior elements of the axis, one case of C1-C2 dislocation with associated fractured C2, one case of occipitocervical dislocation, and one case of combined C1 and C2 fractures, and facet dislocation. Only one patient had neurological déficit that improved after treatment. Two surgical complications were seen: a liquoric fistula and one surgical wound infection (reaproached). In the group treated conservatively, odontoid fractures (eight cases) and fractures of the posterior elements of C2 (five cases) were more frequent. In two cases, in addition to the injuries of the craniocervical junction, there were fractures in other segments of the spine. None of the patients who underwent conservative treatment presented neurological deterioration. Conclusion Although injuries of craniocervical junction are relatively rare, they usually involve fractures of the odontoid and the posterior elements of the axis. Our results recommend early surgical treatment for type II odontoid fractures and ligament injuries, the conservative treatment for other injuries.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a correlação entre o tratamento, as características das lesões e o resultado clínico em pacientes com lesões traumáticas na junção craniocervical. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo de pacientes maiores de 18 anos tratados de forma conservadora ou cirúrgica, entre 2010 e 2013. Resultados Foram analisados 37 pacientes, 73% eram do sexo masculino e a média de idade foi de 41,7 anos. Inicialmente 32% dos pacientes foram submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico, e 68% foram submetidos a tratamento conservador. Sete pacientes (29%) do grupo conservador foram submetidos posteriormente à cirurgia. No grupo cirúrgico, houve sete casos de fratura de odontóide tipo II, dois casos de fratura de elementos posteriores do áxis, um caso de luxação C1-C2, um caso de deslocamento occipito-cervical e um caso de fraturas de C1 e C2 e luxação facetária. Um paciente apresentava déficit neurológico, melhorando após o tratamento. Houve duas complicações pós-cirúrgicas, uma fístula liquórica e uma infecção de ferida operatória (reabordada). No grupo conservador, predominaram as fraturas do odontóide (oito) e dos elementos posteriores de C2 (cinco). Em dois casos, havia também fraturas em outros segmentos da coluna. Nenhum dos pacientes deste grupo apresentou deterioração neurológica. Conclusão As lesões da junção craniocervical são raras, sendo mais frequentes as fraturas do odontóide e dos elementos posteriores do áxis. Nossos resultados recomendam o tratamento cirúrgico precoce para os pacientes com fraturas do odontóide tipo II e lesões ligamentares, e tratamento conservador para os demais pacientes.

Burst fracture of the thoracolumbar spine: correlation between kyphosis and clinical result of the treatment / Fratura da coluna toracolombar tipo explosão: correlação entre cifose e resultado clínico do tratamento / Fractura de la columna toracolumbar del tipo explosión: correlación entre cifosis y resultado clínico del tratamiento

To evaluate the correlation between kyphosis due to burst fractures of thoracic and lumbar spine and clinical outcome in patients undergoing conservative or surgical treatment.

Avaliar a correlação entre cifose decorrente de fratura tipo explosão da coluna torácica e lombar e desfecho clínico em pacientes submetidos a tratamento conservador ou cirúrgico.

Evaluar la correlación entre la cifosis debido a fractura del tipo explosión de la columna torácica y lumbar y el resultado clínico en pacientes sometidos a tratamiento conservador o quirúrgico.

Fractures of the cervical spine

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to review the literature on cervical spine fractures. METHODS: The literature on the diagnosis, classification, and treatment of lower and upper cervical fractures and dislocations was reviewed. RESULTS: Fractures of the cervical spine may be present in polytraumatized patients and should be suspected in patients complaining of neck pain. These fractures are more common in men approximately 30 years of age and are most often caused by automobile accidents. The cervical spine is divided into the upper cervical spine (occiput-C2) and the lower cervical spine (C3-C7), according to anatomical differences. Fractures in the upper cervical spine include fractures of the occipital condyle and the atlas, atlanto-axial dislocations, fractures of the odontoid process, and hangman's fractures in the C2 segment. These fractures are characterized based on specific classifications. In the lower cervical spine, fractures follow the same pattern as in other segments of the spine; currently, the most widely used classification is the SLIC (Subaxial Injury Classification), which predicts the prognosis of an injury based on morphology, the integrity of the disc-ligamentous complex, and the patient's neurological status. It is important to correctly classify the fracture to ensure appropriate treatment. Nerve or spinal cord injuries, pseudarthrosis or malunion, and postoperative infection are the main complications of cervical spine fractures. CONCLUSIONS: Fractures of the cervical spine are potentially serious and devastating if not properly treated. Achieving the correct diagnosis and classification of a lesion is the first step toward identifying the most appropriate treatment, which can be either surgical or conservative. .

Cifoplastia guiada por TC: una opción técnica en el tratamiento de fracturas vertebrales patológicas / CT-guided kyphoplasty: a technical option in the treatment of pathological vertebral fractures

Pathological vertebral fractures are caused by various entities. They cause significant pain and impaired quality of life of patients. The CT-guided kyphoplasty relieves or eliminates pain and stabilizes the fractured vertebral bodies. 49 patients were treated. The procedure is performed percutaneously by inserting a needle that is subsequently removed, leaving a cannula. Through this a balloon-like device is introduced and subsequently inflated to create a cavity, which is then filled with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). The technique was performed successfully in all cases without serious complications, with good results. Its advantages are that the needle placement as well as the injection of PMMA can be correctly visualized using real-time CT fluoroscopy. In addition a single needle is used throughout the entire procedure, which minimizes the risk of complications as it is less traumatic.

Las fracturas vertebrales patológicas se originan por diversas entidades. Producen dolor importante y deterioro de la calidad de vida de los pacientes. La cifoplastia guiada por tomografía computarizada (TC) alivia o elimina el dolor y estabiliza los cuerpos vertebrales fracturados. Se han tratado 49 pacientes. El procedimiento se realiza por vía percutánea, mediante la inserción de una aguja que posteriormente se retira dejando una cánula. A través de la misma se introduce un dispositivo que lleva incorporado un balón que se infla creando una cavidad, que se rellena con polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA). La técnica se practicó con éxito en todos los casos sin complicaciones graves, con buenos resultados. Sus ventajas son visualizar correctamente la posición de la aguja y la inyección del PMMA mediante la escopia del TC en tiempo real. Además se utiliza una sola aguja para todo el procedimiento, lo cual minimiza el riesgo de complicaciones siendo menos traumático.

Fratura toracolombar do tipo explosão: correlação entre a cifose residual e função após o tratamento cirúrgico / Thoracolumbar burst fracture: correlation between kyphosis and function after surgical treatment

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a correlação entre a cifose pós-traumática em portadores de fratura toracolombar explosão, submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico e resultado funcional do tratamento. MÉTODOS: Realizado estudo retrospectivo em 27 pacientes com fratura toracolombar do tipo A3 da classificação de Denis e Margerl, que preencheram os critérios de inclusão para esta amostra e foram submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico com um tempo mínimo de acompanhamento de seis meses. A média de idade foi de 46,96, variando entre 16 e 73 anos. O resultado do tratamento foi avaliado com base na aplicação do questionário de qualidade de vida Short-Form 36 (SF-36), nas escalas de dor e trabalho de Denis e na escala visual de dor. A cifose foi medida conforme o método de Cobb ao final do seguimento. RESULTADOS: Não foi observada correlação entre a cifose residual e o SF-36, a escala de Denis para dor e trabalho e a escala visual de dor (p > 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Não há correlação entre o resultado clínico final e a cifose residual em pacientes com fraturas toracolombares do tipo explosão submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the correlation between post-traumatic kyphosis in patients with thoracolumbar burst fractures undergoing surgical treatment and the functional result from treatment. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on 27 patients with thoracolumbar fractures of type 3 in Denis and Margerl's classification who met the inclusion criteria for this sample and underwent surgical treatment with a minimum follow-up of six months. The patients' mean age was 46.96, with a range from 16 to 73 years. The treatment outcome was evaluated based on applying the short-form 36 (SF-36) quality of life questionnaire, Denis pain and work scale and visual pain scale. The kyphosis was measured according to the Cobb method at the end of the follow-up. RESULTS: The residual kyphosis was found not to correlate with the SF-36, Denis pain and work scale or visual pain score (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: There is no correlation between the final clinical result and residual kyphosis in patients with thoracolumbar burst fractures who undergo surgical treatment.

Fratura-luxação da coluna torácica durante segundo trimestre da gestação: relato de caso e revisão da literatura / Fracture-dislocation of the thoracic spine during second trimester of pregnancy: case report and literature review

Fraturas da coluna vertebral associadas à lesão medular raramente acometem pacientes gestantes. Os autores apresentam o caso de uma mulher de 20 anos de idade, com gestação de 20 semanas, que sofreu fratura-luxação da coluna torácica (T4-T5) e foi submetida a descompressão, redução e artrodese posterior com parafusos pediculares. Apesar de apresentar lesão medular completa, a gestação evoluiu sem intercorrências e resultou no nascimento, por parto normal, de uma criança saudável a termo. Algumas particularidades, como o cuidado com o uso de radiação ionizante, via de acesso cirúrgico e de parto, corticoterapia e complicações gestacionais em pacientes nessas condições são discutidas neste artigo. Somente uma equipe multidisciplinar, formada por médicos de diferentes especialidades (cirurgiões de coluna, obstetras e fisiatras), enfermeiras e fisioterapeutas é capaz de assistir a essas pacientes de modo satisfatório.

Spinal fractures associated with spinal cord injury rarely affect pregnant patients. The authors present the case of a 20-year-old woman in her 20th week of pregnancy, who suffered fracture-dislocation of the thoracic spine (T4-T5) and underwent decompression, reduction and posterior fusion with pedicle screws. Despite the complete spinal cord injury presented, the pregnancy progressed uneventfully and resulted in birth via normal delivery of a healthy newborn at term. Some particular features of this case, like the care needed in using ionizing radiation, the surgical approach and delivery, use of steroids and pregnancy complications in such patients are discussed here. Only a multidisciplinary team composed by physicians from different specialties (spinal surgeons, obstetricians and physiatrists), nurses and physiotherapists is capable of assisting pregnant patients with spinal cord injuries satisfactorily.

Fracturas vertebrales: ¿Son inocuas? / Vertebral fractures: are harmless?

La masa ósea disminuye y el riesgo de fracturas aumenta con la edad, especialmente en la posmenopausia. Las fracturas vertebrales son las fracturas osteoporóticas más frecuentes, y se asocian a deformidad de columna, reducción de estatura, dolor de espalda, dificultad respiratoria, morbilidad y mortalidad aumentadas; y pueden predecir futuras fracturas vertebrales y de cadera.

Bone mass declines and the risk of fractures increases as people age, specially in postmenopausal women. Vertebral fractures are the most frequent osteoporotic fractures and associated to spine deformity, height loss, back pain, impaired breathing, increased morbidity and mortality; and predict future spine and hip fractures.

Estudio comparativo del tratamiento ortésico en las fracturas toracolumbosacras según la severidad del trauma / Comparative study of orthotic treatment in thoracolumbar fractures according to severity

Introducción: En el presente trabajo se evalúan los resultados del tratamiento ortopédico seleccionando el tipo de ortesis según la energía del traumatismo toracolumbosacro estable. Materiales y métodos: Se incluyeron pacientes sin litigios tratados con TLSO a medida o con ortesis prefabricadas, con seguimiento mínimo de 2 años. Observadores independientes evaluaron los parámetros geométricos en radiografías iniciales y finales, y los parámetros funcionales. Se subdividieron las fracturas (AO y Denis) en alta (grupo A) y baja energía (grupo B), según su energía cinética y se utilizó un grupo de control comparativo. Se incluyeron 44 fracturas correspondientes a 41 pacientes: 25 en el grupo A y 19 en el B, con una edad promedio de 46 años (rango 12 a 83). El seguimiento promedio fue de 4,5 años (rango 2,2 a 15,5). Los tipos predominantes fueron: tipo A (AO) o por compresión y por estallido (Denis). Resultados: No se observaron diferencias significativas entre las mediciones iniciales y finales, salvo en la cifosis vertebral inicial. Siempre hubo diferencias significativas al comparar los parámetros geométricos entre el grupo de control y los grupos A y B, y entre el grupo de control y cada subtipo subdivididos en alta o baja energía. Los puntajes funcionales finales fueron siempre buenos, con variaciones significativas entre los grupos A y B. Conclusiones: Se obtuvo un resultado funcional bueno en las lesiones estables seleccionando la ortesis según la energía cinética del traumatismo. Los resultados parecen mejores en los de alta energía con ortesis a medida. Ningún tratamiento normalizó los parámetros radiológicos.

Background: To determine whether the severity of stable thoraco-lumbosacral trauma is useful to decide on bracetype in orthopedic treatment. Methods: Retrospective study (16 years). Inclusion criteria: 1) Minimum follow-up: 2 years. 2) Complete plain radiological studies. 3) No Litigation. 4) TLSO custommade treatment for high kinetic energy trauma and prefabricatedorthoses for low energy lesions. 5) Treatment performed or supervised by the senior author. Evaluation by independent observers of Geometric Parameters (sagittal Cobb, vertebral kyphosis, anterior vertebral collapse) initially and at follow-up, and FunctionalParameters (SRS pain scale, Oswestry Index, Return to PreviousActivity). Subdivision of different fracture types(AO and Denis classifications) in High (Group A) and Low Energy (Group B) according to the amount of kineticenergy. Comparison with a control group. Statistical analysis: Chi square and Student t-test. 41 patients were studied (44 fractures, 23 females/18males), 25 fractures were Group A and 19 Group B. Average age: 46 years (12-83). Average follow-up: 4.5 years (2.2-15.5). Predominant site: T11 - L2; predominant types: A (AO), or compression and burst (Denis). Results: There were no significant differences between the initial and follow-up measurements. The only significantdifference between groups was found in the initial vertebral kyphosis. However, differences always existed when comparing the geometric parameters between the control group and groups A and B, and between the control group and each type of fracture (AO / Denis) subdivided into high and low energy. The final functional parameters’ scores were always good, with significant variationsbetween groups A and B...

Nuevas estrategias en el tratamiento del trauma raquimedular: actualización bibliográfica / New strategies in treatment of spinal cord injury: literature update

Better understanding of spinal cord injury pathophysiology has allowed the development of new areas of investigation, focused in reducing the injury and stimulating cord regeneration. The preliminary results of these investigations have generated great expectation in the scientific world, together with ambiguous information for patients with these injuries. In this article, we present a review of the available literature in this area, describing several non-pharmacological interventions, together with new drugs, immune therapies to block processes that inhibit cord regeneration and the renowned cell therapy. After evaluating the available articles included in this review, we observed a progress towards an increased efficacy of these treatments, but with limitations due to methodological flaws in the study protocols, which do not allow us to make applicability recommendations of them in humans.

Los recientes avances en el entendimiento de la fisiopatología del traumatismo raquimedular, han permitido el desarrollo de investigación enfocada en intervenciones orientadas a disminuir la lesión y estimular la regeneración medular. El entusiasmo por este nuevo conocimiento ha generado expectativa en el mundo científico co e información ambigua en los pacientes con este tipo de lesiones. En este trabajo revisamos la literatura reciente y la que se está llevando a cabo a este respecto, encontrando la descripción de algunas intervenciones no farmacológicas diferentes a la cirugía, nuevos medicamentos, terapias de bloqueo inmunológico de procesos que inhiben la regeneración medular y la reconocida terapia celular. Al evaluar los trabajos incluidos en esta revisión, observamos un avance hacia el aumento de la efectividad de los tratamientos pero con la limitación debida a las falencias metodológicas en la investigación que impiden hacer recomendaciones de aplicabilidad de los mismos en humanos.

Análisis comparativo entre vertebroplatia percutánea y tratamiento conservador en pacientes con fracturas vertebrales osteoporoticas dolorosas Unidad de Cirugía de Columna Hospital Universitario "Dr. Manuel Nuñez Tovar" 2008-2010 Maturín Estado Monagas / Comparative analysis of percutaneous vertebroplasty and conservative treatment in patients with painful osteoporotic vertebral fractures: Spine Surgery Unit Hospital Universitario

Analizar los resultados entre la vertebroplastia percutánea y el tratamiento conservador en pacientes con fracturas vertebrales osteoporóticas dolorosas. Estudio prospectivo, exploratorio, no aleatorio, pre y post quirúrgico de 26 pacientes que acudieron a consulta externa de Cirugía de Columna, por presentar dolor a nivel de la columna torácica o lumbar, 19 se sometieron a vertebroplastia percutánea y 07 pacientes optaron por el tratamiento conservador. Se utilizaron las historias clínicas y se siguieron los pacientes con controles radiográficos. El sexo femenino, la edad mayor a 70 años y el segmento toracolumbar son los más afectados. El tipo morfológico de fractura más frecuente es la forma en cuña y es la que causa mayor dolor. La disminución del dolor post tratamiento es más efectivo en la vertebroplastia que en el tratamiento conservador. Las múltiples fracturas vertebrales son causante de hipercifosis. La complicación ocurrió en el grupo de la vertebroplastia. El origen de las fracturas vertebrales osteoporóticas dolorosas tiene un origen multifactorial. La patología es más frecuente de lo reportada. La vertebroplastia es una excelente técnica de tratamiento. Los resultados a largo plazo son similares entre ambas técnicas de tratamiento.

To analyze the results from percutaneous vertebroplasty and conservative treatment in patients with painful osteoporotic vertebral fractures. Prospective, exploratory, nonrandomized, pre and post surgical patients attending 26 outpatient spinal surgery, reporting pain at the thoracic or lumbar spine, 19 underwent percutaneous vertebroplasty and 07 patients opted for conservative treatment. We used medical records and patients were followed with radiographic controls. The female sex, age over 70 years and thoracolumbar segment are the most affected. The morphological type of fracture is the most common wedge shape and is causing more pain. The decrease in pain after treatment is more effective in vertebroplasty in the conservative tto. Multiple vertebral fractures are the cause of kyphosis. The complication occurred in the vertebroplasty group. The origin of painful osteoporotic vertebral fractures is multifactorial in origin. The condition is more common than reported. Vertebroplasty is an excellent technique for treatment. The long-term results are similar for both treatment technique.

Fratura toracolombar do tipo explosão: correlação entre cifose e função após tratamento conservador / Thoracolumbar burst fractures: correlation between kyphosis and function post non-operative treatment

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a correlação entre cifose pós-traumática e função nos pacientes submetidos ao tratamento conservador das fraturas toracolombares do tipo explosão. MÉTODOS: Realizado estudo retrospectivo segundo os critérios de Denis e Magerl classificados como subtipo A3 em 36 pacientes que preencheram o critério de inclusão para esta amostra e submetidos à aplicação de gesso antigravitacional ou órtese toracolombossacra (TLSO). A média de idade dos pacientes estudados foi de 50,83 anos, com mínimo de 13 e máximo de 83 anos, sendo 20 do sexo masculino e 16 do feminino. O resultado do tratamento foi avaliado com base no questionário de qualidade de vida Short Form-36 (SF-36) e nas escalas de dor e trabalho de Denis e o quadro clínico neurológico conforme a classificação de Frankel. A quantificação da dor foi realizada com base na escala visual analógica da dor (EVA) A mensuração da cifose residual foi obtida pelo método de Cobb à admissão e ao final do seguimento. Mostrar o grau maior, menor e a média na admissão e no final do tratamento. RESULTADOS: Foi observada fraca correlação positiva (r = 0,563; p < 0,001) entre a cifose residual e o escore de dor (EVA). Não houve correlação entre cifose final e o SF-36 e as escalas de Denis (p > 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Não existe evidente relação entre a cifose residual e o desfecho funcional e de sintomas dos pacientes.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the correlation between kyphosis and post-traumatic symptoms in patients undergoing conservative treatment for thoracolumbar burst fractures. METHODS: A retrospective study was carried out with 36 patients meeting the inclusion criteria for this kind of fracture classified as Denis and Magerl's subtype A3 and treated with anti-gravitational casting or TLSO. The mean age of patients was 50.83 years, ranging from 13 to 83 years, being 20 male and 16 female subjects. The treatment outcome was evaluated based on the SF-36 questionnaire, on Denis scores for pain and work and Frankel clinical and neurological scale. The quantification of pain was based on the visual analogue scale for pain. The measurement of the residual kyphosis was obtained by the Cobb method at admission and at the end of the follow-up. RESULTS: A weak positive correlation (r = 0.563; p < 0.001) was found between residual kyphosis and pain score (EVA). No correlation was found between final kyphosis and SF-36 and Denis scores (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: There is no evident correlation between residual kyphosis, functional outcome and patients' symptoms.

Fracturas vertebrales por osteoporosis: tratamiento incruento / Osteoporotic vertebral fractures: conservative treatment

El tratamiento inicial de las fracturas vertebrales por osteoporosis es conservador. Su objetivo es calmar el dolor con drogas analgésicas y diferentes tipos de ortesis como el corsé en extensión de Jewett. El reposo en cama está indicado solamente al comienzo y se debe evitar la inmovilización prolongada. La fisioterapia (ejercicios) es una gran ayuda porque disminuye la pérdida ósea y mejora el estado del raquis disminuyendo el dolor y las deformaciones.

Tratamento conservador da fratura toracolombar do tipo explosão: análise radiográfica da cifose pós-traumática / Tratamiento conservador de la fractura toracolumbar del tipo explosión: análisis radiográfico de la cifosis postraumática / Conservative treatment of thoracolumbar burst fractures: radiographic analysis of post-traumatic kyphosis

A cifose pós-traumática é uma complicação do tratamento conservador da fratura toracolombar tipo explosão. A maioria das séries avalia todos os subtipos de Magerl e discute seus achados com base na perda média de cifose no acompanhamento. Objetivo: avaliação do desfecho radiográfico quanto à cifose nos portadores de fraturas do subtipo A3 de Magerl de acordo com a variação das médias entre os indivíduos após acompanhamento mínimo de um ano. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo com 36 pacientes submetidos à realização de gesso antigravitacional ou colete TLSO. A mensuração da cifose foi realizada pelo método de Cobb no momento da admissão no hospital e no final do acompanhamento médio de 66 meses. Resultados: não houve diferença estatística entre a cifose antes e após o tratamento (12,2º versus 13,4º; p=0,2544). Conclusão: a cifose radiográfica no final do acompanhamento é similar à cifose encontrada nas radiografias iniciais neste grupo de pacientes.

The post-traumatic kyphosis is a complication reported after conservative treatment of thoracolumbar burst fracture. The majority of the series evaluates all subtypes of Magerl and discuss their findings based on the average loss of kyphosis during the follow-up. Objective: evaluation of radiographic outcomes regarding kyphosis in patients with fractures subtype A3 of Magerl according to the average variation between individuals after follow-up of at least one year. Methods: retrospective study with 36 patients treated with hyperextension cast or TLSO brace. The measurement of kyphosis was performed by means of Cobb method at the admission to the hospital and at the end of mean follow-up of 66 months. Results: there was no statistical difference between the kyphosis before and after treatment (12.2º versus 13.4º, p=0.2544). Conclusion: the radiographic kyphosis at final follow-up and in the initial radiographs is similar in this group of patients.

La cifosis postraumática es una complicación del tratamiento conservador de la fractura toracolumbar tipo explosión. La mayoría de las series evalúan todos los subtipos de Magerl y discuten sus resultados con base en la pérdida promedio de cifosis en el acompañamiento. Objetivo: evaluación del desenlace radiográfico según la cifosis en los portadores de fracturas del subtipo A3 de Magerl, de acuerdo con la variación de los promedios entre los individuos después de un acompañamiento mínimo de un año. Métodos: estudio retrospectivo con 36 pacientes sometidos a la realización de yeso antigravitacional o chaleco TLSO. La medición de la cifosis fue realizada por el método de Cobb en el momento de la admisión en el hospital y en el final del acompañamiento promedio de 66 meses. Resultados: no hubo diferencia estadística entre la cifosis antes y después del tratamiento (12.2º versus 13.4º; p=0.2544). Conclusión: la cifosis radiográfica en el final del acompañamiento es similar a la encontrada en las radiografías iniciales en este grupo de pacientes.